The complex matrilineal social structure of spotted hyenas

The complex matrilineal social structure of spotted hyenas Amazons of the animal world: the complex matrilineal social structure of spotted hyenas. The spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta ¸ has evolved a matrilineal society in which the females are more dominant and aggressive than males within the clans. Female and male behaviors come together to form a complex societal structure that promotes variability and reproductive success. This species is an exceptional example of matrilineal hierarchy and social organization as opposed to the regular male-dominant societal structure present in the case of most mammals. Scientists continue to study the spotted hyena for its remarkably sophisticated social behavior, which may be comparable to that of some primates and possibly even human beings (Jenks et al., 1995; Drea et al., 2002; Engh et al., 2002; East et al., 2003). The spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta, is a very intelligent animal that organizes itself into large clans of 50-80 members (Engh et al., 2002). While most mammals exhibit a male-dominant society where males fight for rank and the right to reproduce, the spotted hyena has developed a matrilineal society (Jenks et al., 1995). Females are more dominant and aggressive than males and pass on their rank to their offspring (Jenks et al., 1995; Engh et al., 2002). They are responsible for reproductive choice due to their dominant status (East et al., 2003). Males regularly travel to clans outside their natal society, despite the cost of access to food, for the chance of higher reproductive success (Engh et al., 2002). They also engage in specific favorable behaviors to entice females to choose to mate with them (East et al., 2003). All of these sophisticated behaviors have evolved to promote variability and overall success for the spotted hyena. Even more amazingly, the same social structure a nd behaviors of dominant-submissive interactions emerged within an isolated group of spotted hyenas raised in captivity (Jenks et al., 1995). The spotted hyena is definitely a very unique case of societal arrangement (Engh et al., 2002). With further study, the evolution of this remarkable case of sex-role reversal and complex hierarchy may soon be fully understood. It may provide further insight into similar social arrangements seen with other animals such as primates (Jenks et al., 1995). The study of spotted hyenas may even provide insight into more primitive stages of human societal structure, especially where there are matrilineal cultures. Females are without question the more dominant gender within spotted hyena clans and they exercise this dominance when it comes to reproduction (Engh et al., 2002; East et al., 2003). They are on average larger, more aggressive, and more violent than males within the clan (Engh et al., 2002). Their special anatomy an enlarged clitoris through which copulation occurs gives them full control over sexual activities and partners (East et al., 2003). There is no chance for forced copulation simply because the male hyena needs the females full cooperation for proper coitus to occur (East et al., 2003). Theories for the evolution of this physical characteristic include (a) counter-evolution in the presence of high rates of forced copulation and (b) selection for overall more dominant and aggressive individuals resulting in masculinization (Drea et al., 2002). Since more dominant and aggressive females also attain a higher rank within the clan, they tend to be more successful in raising a larger number of young. A higher rank correlates to greater access to food and thus higher chances of survival for both mother and offspring (Engh et al., 2002). Female spotted hyenas have multiple criteria for choosing mates. They prefer immigrant males to natal males, those born within the community a possible measure for prevention of inbreeding (Engh et al., 2002). Even more amazingly, females generally prefer males of similar age, preventing sexual interactions with fathers or sons (East et al., 20023). Females also show preference for more submissive, less aggressive males (East et al., 2003). This selection for less aggressive males further emphasizes the sexual dimorphism, both in behavior and physical characteristics, present in this species. Females copulate with several males when in heat, possibly to dissuade males from infanticide (East et al., 2003). This behavior further increases variability it is quite common to see single litters whose cubs can be traced to different fathers (Engh et al., 2002). It serves to confuse males and dissuade them from killing cubs that may or may not be their own a complex behavior that shows fo resight and intelligent thought (East et al., 2003). Female choice for less aggressive males and behavior to prevent infanticide may have evolved to counter the extremely high-risk pregnancies these animals go through due to their anatomy (Drea et al., 2002). In a study conducted by Engh and colleagues (2002), the reproductive skew among male hyenas was investigated. One of the major discoveries was that immigrant males had an immense advantage over natal males. Over the 10-year period that one clan of hyenas was observed, it was found that immigrant males sired 97% of the cubs, while natal males only sired 3% (Engh et al., 2002). This explains the males behavior of leaving natal clans and immigrating elsewhere: the cost of rank and access to food are highly outweighed by the reproductive benefits in a non-natal clan (Engh et al., 2002). Within the group of immigrant males, it was found that rank did not have a statistically significant effect on a males reproductive success. In fact, males a few ranks below the highest ranking immigrant had the most success in terms of cubs sired (Engh et al., 2002). In general, tenure the measure of how long an immigrant male had been in the clan was found to be a better indicator of reproductive succ ess. The immigrant males rates of producing cubs increased significantly the longer they remained in the clan, showing a strong correlation between tenure and reproductive success (Engh et al., 2002). Male spotted hyenas are also observed to exhibit behaviors to make themselves more attractive to females. As found in a recent study by East and colleagues (2003), there was no reproductive advantage to harassing, shadowing, or defending females from other competition. In fact, males exhibiting these behaviors were often attacked or chased away by females and other clan members. Instead, males found significantly more reproductive success by fostering relationships with females over longer periods of time a surprisingly complex behavior very close to that of humans (East et al., 2003). Having these friendly relationships also were seen to solidify the males places within the clan hierarchy once again, a very complex sociological behavior, especially when seen outside the order of primates (East et al., 2003). The sophisticated system of hierarchy was even recreated in captivity by a group of previously unranked hyenas collected at infancy (Jenks et al., 1995). Amazingly, these young hyenas grouped themselves in a matrilineal hierarchy, as observed over the course of two generations (Jenks et al., 1995). This structuring occurred despite the lack of maternal input for the first generation, showing that social organization is programmed into the spotted hyenas behavioral patterns (Jenks et al., 1995). While the first generation had little to no maternal interaction to help rank them within the clan, they went on to influence their own offsprings place in the clan hierarchy, just as observed in wild clans (Jenks et al., 1995). The only significant difference between the experimental clan and wild clans was the speed at which the cubs ranks stabilized within the community. Experimental group cubs solidified their place much faster than those in the wild, possibly due to smaller numbers and le ss movement within the clan (Jenks et al., 1995). The spotted hyena is a remarkable animal. It shows extremely complex behavior that leads to sophisticated social structure something that is rarely seen in mammals outside of primates (Jenks et al., 1995). In fact, the matrilineal group structure of hyena clans is very similar to that of Old World primates (Jenks et al., 1995). The sense of organization in this manner is so strong within the hyenas evolved behavioral patterns that matrilineal structure is even seen to spontaneously emerge in isolated hyenas raised in captivity (Jenks et al., 1995). Complex sexual behaviors, such as the females choice of partner based on immigrant status, tenure, and age, seem to promote the creation of this social structure (Engh et al., 2002; East et al., 2003). Carefully nurtured relationships between same- and opposite-sex individuals show the multifaceted interactions between clan members that also contribute to the development of matrilineal organization (East et al., 2003). Female dominance is even supported by biological mechanisms and the altered anatomy of this species (Drea et al., 2002). With further study, the circumstances that led to the evolution of this unique system may soon be uncovered. This will provide insight not only into the spotted hyenas sociological history, but also into that of Old World primates and possibly even that of human beings. It is an exciting prospect that will hopefully emerge within the years to come.

Dreams in the Great Gatsby

The Broken American Dream of the 1920s An accurate name for the 1920s is the roaring twenties. This was a decade full of social transformation and industrialization. Through this shift, a degradation in social moral occurred. A victim of this shift is the character J. Gatsby in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Gatsby is â€Å"corrupted by values and attitudes that he holds in common with a society that destroys him†(44). Through this mutual and obscured social moral, Gatsby seems to obtain a destructive view of his â€Å"American Dream†. Where the American Dream once â€Å"consisted of the belief that people of talent in this land of opportunity and plenty could reasonably aspire to material success if they adhered to a well-defined set of behaviors†(Trask). These behaviors were actions such as working hard, staying honest, and better educating ones self; much like the list that Gatsby made as a young boy. But with the boom of industrialization, came a trend of bootlegging and get rich quick schemes and unfortunately Gatsby became a victim of the era. As a matter of fact, Gatsby is not the only one who has suffered from this time of moral deterioration. Daisy Buchanan, Gatsby’s object of obsession, also is a victim of a society that allows her to not take responsibility for her actions. Daisy hides behind her public facade and her innocent carefree charm. Her husband Tom Buchanan has also manipulated the greedy, selfish social society that exists on East egg. Tom has no dreams or aspirations and â€Å"seeks excitement first in sport, then in infidelity, seeking identity in a book of racist political philosophy†(Wershoven). In a time of moral peril, each character is corrupted by a societal idea that taints their grasp of the â€Å"American Dream†. During Gatsby’s adolescent years, he has a clear and healthy mindset about what he wanted to accomplish in his life. Gatsby was self-motivated to make something of his life. But once he meets Daisy, Daisy becomes the embodiment of his dreams and the object of his obsession. As a young boy, growing up in North Dakota, Gatsby was motivated to be successful. Gatsby’s father said â€Å" Jimmy was bound to get ahead†. Even as a young adult, Gatsby refused to think of himself as an average person. Gatsby’s parents were â€Å"shiftless and unsuccessful† and Gatsby never â€Å" really accepted them as his parents at all. Instead Gatsby had a schedule of each day that would help him to attain his wealth. As Trask says, â€Å" He early decided that he could contemplate future glory. † Early on Gatsby embodies the ideals of society before the 1920s; he is determined and eager to work hard to independently reach success. This is until he meets Daisy, th e idea of Daisy is what sways Gatsby’s dreams off the right path. Gatsby met Daisy as a young man and hopelessly fell in love with her. However in the end, Daisy broke it off with Gatsby since he was not financially suitable for maintaining her lifestyle. It seems as though Gatsby never recovered from getting his heart broken by Daisy. As Nick says, â€Å" [Gatsby] had a extraordinary gift of hope- a romantic readiness such I have never found in any other person and which is not likely I shall find ever again†(2). Nick also says â€Å"Gatsby turned out alright at the end; it is what preyed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-wind elations of men†(2). Indeed, it was the idea of winning Daisy’s love that drove Gatsby to his success. It corrupted his earlier ideas of working hard and saving his money; now he had to make money fast and resorted to bootlegging. Gatsby becomes frantic at the idea of coming wealthy and instead of slowly climbing up the success latter, he desperately and quickly makes money in any way he can so he can win Daisy back as quickly as possible. Gatsby became consumed with the idea of winning Daisy’s affection and rekindling their past romance. This is apparent when Gatsby describes their first kiss; â€Å"His heart beat faster and faster as Daisy’s white face came up to his own. He knew that when he kissed this girl, and forever wed his unutterable visions of her perishable breathe, his mind would never romp again like the mind of god. So he waited†¦Then he kissed her†¦and the incarnation was complete†(112). Gatsby is brought down by Daisy and the â€Å"refusal to see the nature of his own dreams†(Wershoven). Nick sums up Gatsby’s debacle perfectly when he says that perhaps Gatsby’s â€Å"dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him, somewhere back in the vast obscurity. What nick says is true, Gatsby was so blinded by love that he could not see Daisy’s flaws and Gatsby ended up paying the ultimate price . As Trask says, Daisy could never become a â€Å"legitimate actualization of Gatsby’s illegitimate dream†(Trask). Among those who have distorted dreams, Daisy Buchanan might perhaps be the worst. Daisy is a selfish, rich girl w ho has never â€Å"been held responsible for her actions, for she embodies the pure freedom of endless choice without consequences†(Wershoven). Daisy has never had to concern herself with worrying about money or materialistic things. Daisy has always gotten things handed to her and would not want it any other way. Daisy takes advantage of the fact that she lives in a society that has put her on a pedistal, and allows her to â€Å"smash† up things without any consquences. Her attractive nature and charm has helped her support this type of lifestyle. Daisy cannot even fathom the idea of having to work for something and therefore she has a sense of entitlement to everything that is given to her. At first Daisy seems harmless and bored as she mindlessly wonders out loud what she will do with the rest of her days. But as the novel goes on, it becomes quite clear that Daisy is not what she seems. Daisy has become a master of manipulation in order to maintain her lavish lifestyle. She knows exactly how to agree with what society expects of her and knows how to dress and maintain her appearance. But despite her warm and inviting appearance, Daisy is quite cold and superficial. Daisy’s ideals of wealth and money lead her to live a superficial and meaningless life that wreaks havoc in the lives of the other characters. It is this love of money that led here to marry her husband Tom Buchanan. Instead of waiting for Gatsby to return to the war, Daisy just decides to marry Tom because of his wealth and promise of a lavish life. Tom even gives her a three-hundred thousand-dollar pearl necklace. Even this amount of money is not enough to ensure Daisy’s fidelity. As soon as Gatsby comes back into town, she begins to have an affair. Even after years of leading Gatsby on, she still breaks his heart when she says that she â€Å"loves them both. † This is when it comes apparent that Daisy will never leave Tom. For Daisy, even true love is not enough to make her change her lifestyle. Her love of money has made her cold and reckless when it comes to love. Another example of Daisy’s reckless nature is when Tom’s mistress, Myrtle Wilson, is killed. Daisy is perfectly content with letting Gatsby take the fall. Not one time does she even contemplate the idea of coming forward to take responsibility. Instead she hides behind her wealth and her appearance. As Wershoven puts it, â€Å"society helps to cover up the deed. † Daisy is an insatiable girl that has no need for validation by others. Daisy wants things and people but, â€Å"there is no space inside her that can be filled, no unfinished part of her can be completed by another†(Wershoven). Therefore, Daisy views people as at her disposal. This is ultimately the attitude that is responsible for Gatsby’s death. Daisy is so caught up in the materialistic needs of that time that she cannot value anything e else. She views everything she has as an accessory; even her own daughter. Were as most parents feel defined by their children’s lives, the reader almost forgets that Daisy even has a daughter at all. She only interacts with her child when it is convenient for her; and when it looks good in front of company. Daisy’s husband, Tom Buchanan is an ex- football star from the same college that Nick attended. Nick describes Tom as â€Å"one of those men that reach such an acute limited excellence at twenty-one that everything afterwards savors anti-climax†(10). Tom falls victim to greed and cannot satisfy his need for more. As Wereshoven says: â€Å"Daisy and Tom are always looking for something, something new and better, for they are bored with the things they already bought. Daisy wonders what they’ll do each day, and the next day, identifying the dilemma of people who can have whatever they want, as soon as they want it† (Wershoven). Tom is in a perpetuating cycle of greed in which he still cannot find satisfaction. He seeks thrills through sports, literature and even infidelity and all fall short of the glory he had back in college. He shares the same kind of entitlement and ignorance as Daisy. Toms idea of good literature are books like the â€Å"The Rise of the Colored Empire† and even expresses to Nick his distress over the submersion of the white race. But even Tom’s attempts at sounding intelligent fall short and he ends up sounding ignorant and pretentious. Another telling thing about Tom is the way he treats the women in his life. While he appears to be happily married to Daisy, he still is having an affair with Myrtle Wilson. For months, Tom brings Myrtle to his apartment in New York and for months, Tom knowingly leads her on. Tom showers her with gifts and even buys her a dog and an expensive leash. However, Tom has no intention of ever leaving Daisy for Myrtle; someone of lower social status than him. But yet Myrtle is under the delusional impression that Tom will leave his wife for her; and she will at last be part of the social network she dreams of. Myrtle is so in love with this idea that in turn, she despises the life that she lives without Tom; including her husband, George Wilson. Tom is also the ultimate hypocrite. While he the first one to criticize Daisy and Gatsby’s affair, he himself is having an affair. When Tom finds out about Daisy’s affair, he confronts Gatsby and says I suppose the latest thing is to sit back and let Mr. Nobody from Nowhere make love to your wife. Well, if that's the idea then you can count me out† (137). He even claims that their affair is a â€Å"step toward inter-racial marriage. † Tom condemns his wife for her infidelity but describes his own as once in a while â€Å"going on a spree making a fool out of [himself], but [he] has always come back, and in [his] heart [he] loves her all the time†. Not only is Tom cheating with George Wilson’s wife, but he also acts as a bully toward George. George Wilson is an honest, good-hearted man and Tom just toys with him. Tom promises George that he will sell his car to him but he really never has any intention of doing so. George Wilson is depending on that money so he can start a new life out west and all Tom is doing is giving him empty promises. When George tries to bring up the subject to Tom, Tom gets offended and says â€Å"† Very well then, I won't sell you the car at all†¦ I'm under no obligations to you at all†¦ And as for your bothering me about it at lunch time I won't stand for that at all! † (122). Tom tries to find satisfaction by making George look like a fool and is amused by how easily he is able to do so. Just like Daisy, Tom has no remorse for the pain he inflicts in others. Overall the characters in The Great Gatsby, all embodied ideals that were emphasized in that time. Women were viewed as accessories and not yet contributing members of society. Women were still in charge of maintaining the home, especially in wealthy households, and concerned themselves with the small things. Daisy takes full advantage of this attitude and successfully gets away with murder. It is Daisy who corrupts J. Gatsby’s ideal of his American dream and instead of working hard, and â€Å"pulling himself up y his own bootstraps†, he resorts to crime in order to become rich quickly so that he can win Daisy back. Instead of working hard for his own self-success, he chases this idea of Daisy. And finally Tom, was a victim of his own insatiable appetite that he could not fulfill. In every aspect of his life, Tom wanted more. Tom held an ideal that was very common throughout the 1920s; that his money and high social class would be able to buy him anything in life. The idea of the American dream is wanting more for ones own life and becoming successful by hard honest work. All these characters shared the same sense of wanting more. But the had immoral ways of fulfilling their needs. Gatsby resorts to criminal activity in order to become wealthy. And Tom and Daisy resort to affairs in trying to satisfy their need for love. Unfortunately Gatsby is the one that pays the price in the end. Work Cited Trask, David F. â€Å"A Note on Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby. † University Review. 3. 3 (Mar. 1967): 197-202. Rpt. in Novels for Students. Ed. Diane Telgen. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 1998. 197-202. Literature Resource Center. Gale. 12 Oct. 2009 http://go. galegroup. com/ps/start. do? p=LitRC=a04fu Wershoven, Carol. â€Å"Insatiable Girls. † Child Brides and Intruders. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1993. 92-99. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Linda Pavlovski. Vol. 157. Detroit: Gale, 2005. 92-9 9. Literature Resource Center. Gale. 12 Oct. 2009 .

Wedding Cake Model Essay - 650 Words

Title: Criminal Justice and the Wedding Cake The Four Layers Abstract This paper explores the four layers of the criminal justice system. It gives a brief over view of the different layers when referencing the Wedding Cake Model. The justice system can be quite complicated and this model can help understand the different levels of offense, what they represent and how they are handled in the justice system. However there are many diverse circumstances and conditions that are examined when a crime is committed. Each detail aids in making the decision to which layer the crime belongs. Criminal Justice and the Wedding Cake The Four Layers The Criminal Justice System is very complex. Each crime falls into a certain category and is†¦show more content†¦The third layer are the less serious felonies. These are cases that will or will not be prosecuted because the offender and victim know each other. Due to the personal relationships most cases are not forcefully prosecuted. Examples of these cases are spousal abuse and stalking. Occasionally these cases will often fall into the fourth layer. The fourth layer is the misdemeanors, the less serious and lower court cases. This layer is the biggest layer of the Wedding Cake Model and consists of millions of cases being handled by the Criminal Justice System each and every year. (Sheldin, 2007) Examples of these cases would be disorderly conduct, shop lifting and public intoxication. Most of these cases are given a fine or a few days in jail. Crime has been a part of our everyday lives for centuries. The Wedding Cake Model does state there are several cases handled in the Criminal Justice System therefore the numerous crimes committed each year need to be assigned to different categories or in layers. This allows each crime to be viewed and punished correctly. Most of these crimes are categorized by those who play a role in the justice system, prosecutors, defense attorneys and judges. (Shelden, 2007) However the facts of the crime once declared will ultimately be the deciding factor and define the outcome and the sentenced given. References Berger, R. T (2008) HighShow MoreRelatedThe Wedding Cake Model of the Criminal Jusice System1303 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess, many cases are settled in an informal pattern of cooperation between the major actors in the justice process. (The prosecutor, defense attorney, judge, and other court personnel.) The â€Å"wedding cake† model of justice--Samuel Walker describes the informal criminal justice process as a four-layer cake. Layer I involves celebrated cases (e.g. Lindsay Lohan and O.J. Simpson). Usually these cases receive the full array of criminal justice procedures Layer II involves serious felonies (e.g. rapeRead MoreCrime, Deviance, And Deviance899 Words   |  4 Pagesboth why this is, let us take a look at what is called the wedding cake model in the criminal justice system as described by Samuel Walker (â€Å"The Wedding Cake Model Theory Of Criminal Justice†, n.d.). After studying the criminal justice system and its processes, he layered his findings into a four-tiered model, which resembled the layers of a wedding cake. The cases were treated differently depending on the tier they fell into on his cake model when entering the criminal justice system. Not everyoneRead MoreArticle Review : Indiana s Memories Pizza 989 Words   |  4 PagesCurrent Event: Refusing to Cater GLBTQ Weddings GLBTQ (Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgendered, Queer) rights and issues have increasingly been found in the news over the past couple decades. With the United States Supreme Court’s legalization of gay marriage recently, there will be more barriers for GLBTQ people to break through. Just like any other couple in preparations for a wedding and reception, GLBTQ couples need to buy dresses, tuxedos, cakes, etc. These preparations have been trying forRead MoreThe Cake Shop: Business Analysis and Strategy Planning2622 Words   |  11 PagesCurrent Situation The Cake Shop needs to develop an online marketing strategy. The shop has a simplistic, unprofessional digital media strategy at the present, designed by a friend of the proprietor. This current strategy consisted of a basic website with no functionality and a seldom-used Facebook page with 43 likes is not attracting new customers nor is it facilitating additional sales from existing customers. If anything, the current digital presence leaves potential customers wondering if theRead MoreInformation About Data Mining And Knowledge Discovery3226 Words   |  13 Pagesmining and knowledge discovery 4 2.2 Impact of the technology on the use of information at Di Stefano cafe 6 2.3 Impact of the technology on the managers 6 2.4 Business strategy implications associated with the technology 7 2.5 Data mining simplified model for knowledge discovery based on OLAP analysis 8 3.0 Conclusions and recommendations 15 Executive summary This report focuses on the various advantages associated with the adoption and implementation of data warehousing and data mining technologiesRead MoreIncrease The Strength Of Marketing Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagescomfortable environment, such as warm color, sofa, coffee, newspaper etc. Options Sub-options Methods Competitive strategy Differentiation Advertising Marketing Positioning 1.Improve their current business model - pop-up model 2.Target new customer segment, such as Internet addiction 3.Start a website for custom orders 1.Various forms of advertising 2.Various forms of marketing 1.Environmentally friendly 2.Healthy 3.Excellent business ethics Online and offlineRead MoreThe Representation Of The Speaking Model949 Words   |  4 PagesThe speaking model also addresses the norms of an event, the norms address the shoulds and the should nots that can occur at a wedding. Although every bride and groom follows not each of these practices, there are many norms to a wedding held in America. Many norms followed start even months or years before the ceremony takes place. It all starts with choosing a date. This forms the base for your entire wedding; it defines what colors to use, what materials to wear, if guests can attend, and manyRead MorePlanning A Wedding Is Not An Easy Task Essay1820 Words   |  8 Pagesplanning their wedding than they do in planning the marriage† Zig Zigler, one of the most successful American author once said which is 100% true in today’s context. Planning a wedding is not an easy task. You need to get every detail accurate under any circumstance and not only you but the rest of the family that will be attending the wedding will wait to see what goes wrong and where. The couple’s reputation depends on a well-organized wedding on that day. A well-executed wedding can bring joyRead MoreThe Rise Of The Prefabricated Tower Block900 Words   |  4 Pagesfrustration of architects at the time must have been immense. A famous, and aptly named export of Soviet Classical architecture is evident along the former Stalinallee, now Karl-Marx-Allee in East Berlin. Roughly 89 meters wide and with distinctive â€Å"wedding cake† style apartment blocks, this stretch of absolutely straight road was the epitome of the grandeur Stalin felt the socialist city should provide. The architecture was less baroque than that found in Moscow; in Henselmann’s Frankfurter Tor, GermanicRead MoreSample Resume : Wedding Plan1173 Words   |  5 Pages Scope Statement Wedding plan Project ANANDHU KUZHUVELIL SIVAN 0800870 Table of Contents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 2. BUSINESS OBJECTIVE 5 2.1. BUSINESS NEED/OPPORTUNITY/OBJECTIVES 5 2.2. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION 5 2.3. DELIVERABLES 5 2.4. PRODUCT ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 6 2.5. PROJECT CONSTRAINS 6 2.6. PROJECT ASSUMPTIONS 6 3. SCOPE STATEMENT 7 3.1. WHAT’S OUT 7 4. HIGH-LEVEL WBS 8 5. RISKS 9 6. PROJECT ESTIMATES 10 6.1. HIGH-LEVEL BUDGET 10 6.2. STAKEHOLDERS 10 6.3. PROJECT RESOURCES

Defense and Security

The Issue Of Income Inequality Essay - 1236 Words

Income inequality has slowly become an issue gaining momentum over the last thirty-five years, did we see it coming, I think so. It has always been an issues, only after decades of misleading political leadership spanning decades are people finally fed-up of being misled and lied to. The current election for the next president has brought about a voice of the American people to demand a change within our three failing political systems that govern America. Only this change, I believe is going to bring a country to its knees, the wealth holders are not, going to just step aside and willing unlock the scales of wealth that to encumber its poor, they are going to dig in and hold fast to what they have stolen and hoarded since the time of slavery. Broken at the foundation- Congress failed in its obligation to keep a close watch on the small increasing hikes in taxation, that repeatedly brought sanctions on the poor, that created a false redistribution of wealth in America, for the last three decades’ income disparity has reach an all-time high for selective groups of Americans. The government influenced income inequality and growth by shifting support to ambiguous government supported programs, that benefitted a selective groups of Americans by lessening their taxation rate, while snowballing the tax imposed on the poorest Americans. The riches 1 - 10% have accumulated an increase in wealth approximately 7.5 times over the normal working household in the US. â€Å"The articleShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Income Inequality Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most deeply divisive issues in the United States is the question of income inequality: whether it exists and whether we are obliged to address it. The â€Å" American Dream† ideology which permeates most aspects of our daily life, influences an automatic response to income inequality to be that those at the bottom are not working hard enough and that those at the top have earned their wealth through hard work. These perceptions of poverty and inequality limit productive conversation that canRead MoreThe Issue Of Income Inequality2307 Words   |  10 PagesThe issue of income inequality in the United States is complicated and does not have a definite answer. Income inequality can be measured in a few different ways. The first measurement for the income inequality in a country is to look at the percentages on households and group them into income categories, called distribution by income category. The second measurement for income inequality is called distribution by quintiles or fifths. This is when you divide the total number of people, householdsRead MoreThe Social Issue Of The Income Inequality Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesTh e social issue of the income inequality In today’s modern world, as the technology has developed better daily, whereas the gap referred to income inequality between rich and poor still has not solved but has widened. Income inequality simply refers to the extent to which income is unevenly and unreasonably distributed in manner among a population. The inequality brings economic instability, but sadly most people are not relatively concerned about the wide inequality between classes. Ever sinceRead MoreThe Issue Of Gender Income Inequality1060 Words   |  5 Pagesthe issue of gender income inequality in terms of age. Gender income inequality can be described as the unequal treatment between men and women in terms of revenue, and has been an issue for women for a long period of time. According to Workplace Gender Equality Agency, the average gender pay gap between full-time men and women increases in accordance to age, when the gap begins to narrow due to reduced income in retirement. This report will explain the ma in issue of gender income inequality in termsRead MoreIncome Inequality Is A Tough Policy Issue901 Words   |  4 Pages Income Inequality is a tough policy issue to tackle and relate to the texts the class has been assigned to read. This particular policy issue is rather difficult to give insight on because income inequality is widespread and immense, yet most of Washington and mainstream America will not address this critical matter in question that is happening all over the country. Beliefs are blinding the majority of America when it comes to how money is distributed throughout the social classes and minoritiesRead MoreThe Issue Of Income Inequality And Minimum Wage1179 Words   |  5 Pagesbetter than that of China or India, money, or the lack thereof, is one of the biggest issues plaguing the Unites States of America. One of the key issues that have risen in recent times on the media is the widening wage gap between the rich and the poor, and the debate on whether or not an increase in minimum wage could solve the problem. While the whole nation would like to solve the issue of income inequality and minimum wage, the focus of this argumentative paper will be on the state of CaliforniaRead MoreCurrent Social Issues : Income Inequality767 Words   |  4 Pages 1) Why to study? Overview of current social issues - income inequality Unequal distribution of income has significantly impacted individuals in the global workforce. In particular, the maldistribution of wealth has lead to various issues in the US society as well, not only economically, but also psychologically. Prior research shows that lower income status is positively associated with exposure to stressors and negative life events (Lantz et. al, 2005ï ¼Å' Santiago, Wadsworth Stump, 2011) In otherRead MoreWhy Is Income Inequality an Important Issue for the Chinese Society and Its Future Economic Growth?2192 Words   |  9 PagesWhy is income inequality an important issue for the Chinese society and its future economic growth? Introduction Nowadays, China has become the second largest economy in the world. The GDP (gross domestic product) of china was growing at 9.7% per year in average since 1978, which the year of Chinese â€Å"open door† politic founded. China also has become the biggest producer and consumer in many key agricultural and industrial markets and the largest FDI recipient among the developing countries. TheRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Income Inequality1721 Words   |  7 PagesMill and Income Inequality Many great economic thinkers throughout history has offered various differing yet interrelated views and ideas that may prove useful to the analysis of current issues in modern economics. A persistent issue in the modern economy is income inequality whereby the distribution of income among the population is unequal. This means that the gap between the rich and the poor increases over time if the issue is not appropriately addressed. In exploring the issue of income inequalityRead MoreIncome Inequality : Not All Live Equal Lives1198 Words   |  5 PagesIncome inequality is a major issue throughout society in the United States of America, due to a corrupt and inconsistent economy that is displayed for individuals to suffer through. Those who are rich or poor in the United States of America should not all live equal lives. Yes, rich people benefit the most from income inequality, however they do not participate towards a fair level of taxpaying commitment, in comparison to those indiv iduals who live low or middle class lifestyles. Anger occurs frequently

Chemical and Physical Changes Lab Report Free Essays

Also, be cautious as to not inhale the chemicals. Because the glassware is glass, they may break and as such must be handled gently. All glassware should be inspected for cracks before starting the lab. We will write a custom essay sample on Chemical and Physical Changes Lab Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ill. Pre-Lab Questions- 1 . Identify the following as either chemical or physical changes: A. Striking a match- Chemical B. Food Spoiling- Chemical C. Breaking a Glass- Physical D. Mowing the Grass- Physical E. Leaves Decaying- Chemical F. Boiling Water- Physical 2. In your own words, state the Law of Conservation of Mass: The Law of the Conservation of Matter says the matter can be neither created nor destroyed. 3. List he indicators of a chemical change: Chemical change can be illustrated in many forms such as rust, decay, light being produced, heat being given off or cold being given off, and color change. These are simply a few and are not all of them. 4. Identify each as an element, compound, or mixture: A. Alarm- Compound B. Sulfur- Element C. Hydrogen Gas- Element D. Salad- Mixture E. Water- Compound F. Sodium Bicarbonate- Compound G. Fruit Punch- Compound H. Sodium Chloride (table salt)- Compound ‘V. Procedure- Experiment 1- Combine a few iron filings along with sulfur powder on an unused piece of paper. Mix the samples well with a scoopful. Examine the mixture with a magnifying glass and record your observation. Next, move the magnet under the mixture and reexamine It with a magnifying glass once again and record the observations. Discard the sample. Experiment 2- Fill a small beaker half way with cold water. Obtain a test tube with warm bath water and add the warm bath water with the cold water in the water and placing it in the trash can and dump the water down the sink. Experiment 3- Place a piece of magnesium in a clean, dry test tube. Next, add 10 drops of MM HCI. Record observations. Carefully touch the bottom of the test tube to check for the change in temperatures. Flush contents down the sink with plenty of water. Experiment 4- Transfer small amounts of sodium bicarbonate into a clean, dry test tube. Add 10 drops of MM HCI individually. Touch the bottom of the test tube and record all observations. Wash all the leftovers down the sink. Experiment 5- Mix 10 drops of barium chloride solution in a test tube with sodium sulfate solution. Record all observations in the data table and then pour down the sink. Experiment 6- Mix a small scoop of sodium chloride with 2 ml of water in a test tube. Record all observations and wash down the sink. V. Data and Observations- Experiment # Mass and Observations Chemical or Physical? When the magnet was held under the piece of paper, the iron stood up and followed the magnet physical 2 The warm water became a solid when added to the cold water physical 3 When the MM HCI was added, the liquids began to bubble and heat up, which is exothermic chemical 4 When the MM HCI was added, the liquids began to bubble once again and the liquids lolled, which was endothermic chemical 5 When the barium chloride was added, the color changed and the consistency changed to a more milky consistency physical 6 When the small scoop of sodium chloride was added to the water, nothing could be observed as happening physical VI. Calculations- VI’. Post Lab Questions- 1. In which lab did you observe a precipitate? A precipitate was observed in experiment number 2. 2. In which did you observe energy change? An energy change was observed in experiment number 1 when potential energy changed to mechanical energy. . In which did you observe a color change? A color was observed in experiment was observed in experiment number 5 when it became a milky color. 4. In which did you observe the formation of a gas? Gases of any sort. VIII. Conclusion- The purpose of this lab was to identify what a chemical change and what a physical change is. A chemical change is when bonds are broken and new ones are forced to form. Some indicators are a change are exothermic (heats up), endothermic (cools of, precipitate (solid forms), and color change. In the first experiment when the agent was under the sheet of paper with the iron filings, the iron filings stood up on their end and followed the magnet around, changing from potential energy into mechanical energy. In the second experiment performed, a precipitate formed, a solid was formed out of the warm water when it was added to the cold water. In experiment three, an exothermic change occurred when the magnesium and MM HCI where combined, resulting in bubbling of the two and then the test tube heating up. Then in experiment four, an endothermic change occurred when the sodium carbonate and MM HCI were combined in the test tube and the test tube cooled down. In experiment five, there was a color change when the barium chlorine and sodium sulfate were combined resulting in a new milky color which also now had a milky consistency. In the sixth experiment, as far as I could tell, nothing happened in the sixth experiment. ‘X. Error Analysis- The only possible error I can see is if my group made an error of some sort of error in experiment number 6 when nothing happened, and it Just seems like something should have happened in the experiment. How to cite Chemical and Physical Changes Lab Report, Papers

Domestic and Family Violence in Australia

Question: Define domestic and family violence and outline what government policies and funding arrangements are prioritised in Australia on the issue. Do you agree with what is prioritised? Give reasons for your answer. Answer: Do you know what domestic violence entails? Have you subjected or been subjected to domestic violence unknowingly? Domestic violence is interpersonal violence occurring in domestic settings and family relationships commonly used to refer to violence by a man to his wife or sexual partner (Alexander 2002). However, in a broader perspective, it also refers to violence between same sex sexual partners, women against men and among members of a family. The terms Domestic and family violence are used interchangeably referring to different forms such a coercion, physical, emotional or other forms of abuse (Alexander 2002). In this paper, focus is tuned to family and domestic violence in Australia emphasizing on the government policy on the same. In reference to Bagshaw (2000), women form a significant fraction of domestic violence victims as per the Australian police data, which focuses but not restricted to physical and sexual violence. Its not easy to tell how many Australians face domestic and family violence as studies indicate that only 14% cases are reported. Fear of revenge or embarrassment hinder the victims from reporting as well as the belief that the authorities might not help. Data from the Australian population survey indicate that women generally have a higher probability of being abused than men. In 2010 for instance, according to Flood (2006)69.2% of domestic violence victims were women and only 30.8% of them were men. Unfortunately, Children, infants and adolescents are always secondary victims of domestic violence due to the psychological and emotional effects to their development. Domestic and family violence can take various forms discussed below. Physical abuse is where the perpetrator directly assaults the body of the victim. It can be by beating them or their children, locking them out, destroying property and any other action that results to physical harm. Sexual abuse is any form of coerced sexual activity or sexual degradation. Sexual abuse can result to pain, unwanted pregnancies and transmission of sexual transmitted infections. In verbal abuse, the perpetrator verbally attacks the victim affecting their capacity in terms of parenting, body image and intelligence. Its aim is to make the victim lose their feeling of worth. Emotional abuse is seen where the victim is made to take the blame for issues happening in the relationship of family. The victim continuously compares the victim with others to brim down their self-esteem and withdraws from them. On social abuse, the victim is restricted from going out to meet people or taken to non-familiar places. Spiritual abuse denies the victim freedom to attend ceremonies, observe the religious beliefs or worse still the victim uses traditions as an excuse for violence. Treatment of women like objects and not human is an example of such a tradition that excuses violence. When the perpetrator takes control of all finances leaving the victim with little to take care of their needs, this is economic abuse. Regardless of whichever form the violence takes, death, illness and homelessness are the immediate impacts of domestic violence. Surprisingly, domestic violence is the number one cause of homicide in Australia with about 39% of all cases between 2010 and 2012 happening in domestic relationships (Marcus2007). The above impacts and statistics on domestic violence have compelled the government into coming up with relevant policies on the same. Law enforcement, victim support and preventive programs are the basis for these policies. In Australia, every jurisdiction has several laws and programs acting to and preventing domestic and family violence. Each jurisdiction funds its programs though government funded programs are there as well. The Australian government introduced a national council in May 2008 with an aim of reducing women and children violence. The national council identified necessity for collaboration between the government and its states in establishing an integrated approach to domestic violence. The council identified challenges such as lack of finances, lack of primary prevention, existence of gaps between policies intention and implementation in the prevention of domestic violence. In response to challenges identified by the national council, the government agreed to invest $42 million to address these draw backs (Marcus 2007). A telephone and an online counselling service was established for the sake of those at risk or have experiences violence. In addition, the concept of respectful relationships was established in schools. In 2009 the council of Australian government adopted the national plan to reduce violence against women and children. The national plans implementation was through four action plans for three years with the first one being building a strong foundation. The anticipated outcomes for this action plan were; respectful relationships, strong indigenous communities, violence free communities and just responses to perpetrators. For the success of these outcomes, the government granted $ 44 million. In 2011 the government increased commitment by expanding primary care projects, establishing a national register for violence orders and granting funds for fighting alcohol and drugs in aboriginal communities. The other initiative taken by the government to stop domestic violence is engagement of men and boys in the campaign. Pease (2008) argues that even if men are the most common perpetrators of domestic violence, using them as tools to fight it is an essential factor. the white ribbon campaign is a male led public action to fight mens violence against women. Focus of men as tools of prevention is a significant shift since men for a long time have been perpetrators. The white ribbon foundation argues that because its a minority of men who discriminate and mistreat women and girls, its the role of the majority of men to come up with a culture against this act. Using men to stop domestic violence is facilitated by a number of reasons. Men shape their attitude and behavior from their male peers. (Pease 2008) explains that it is easy for a man to adopt what he hears from a fellow man than from anybody else. In many cases all male groups have the ability to organize a platform for men to talk and organize initiatives. Also, male educators pose as examples to other male counterparts in exercising nonviolent masculine practices as well as demonstrating respect for women. Men are taken by other men as more credible in giving advice and directions on issues affecting them as well as the fact that they are in a better position to express responsibility against actions of violence towards women. Educating children and young people on violence prevention is another approach taken by Australian government (Weissman 2007). Children and young people are influenced by violence in their families as well as attitudes and norms that support violence. Exposure is visible in the lives of these young people. Weissman (2007) states that early interventions involving education on respectful relationships is important in preventing violence, since they will have lasting benefits on their future relationships. Using this framework, the Australian government has come up with guidelines emphasizing on the importance of a unified structure that is relevant, culturally sensitive and comprehensive. In addition the government funds education on respectful relationships whose primary focus is to raise a generation that will treat their partners with respect. As part of domestic violence prevention, the government is working with the Australian curriculum assessment and reporting authority, (ACARA) to include education on respectful relationships in the Australian curriculum. This will be important in instilling values necessary for students to be part of nonviolent relationships, eventually doing away with domestic violence. As part of protection of the victim, safe at home programs have been designed as part of the integrated approach. The assumption that the perpetrator should be held responsible for their actions and transferred from their home leaving the victims to stay. When women are left in their homes, they are in a better position to maintain social networks, education and stability for their children all important in their recovery. The government funds national alliances that unite women into their fight of domestic violence. AWAVA, Australian Women against Violence Alliance is one of such alliances that works to create a good environment for women to share information, point out issues and their solutions and take care and prevent future violence. AWAVAS role is to ensure both women and children lead a peaceful life free of violence or abuse as it acknowledges women power and gender equality. The Australian women against violence Alliance, AWAVA, appreciates the governments efforts towards doing away with domestic violence. The commitment of the government is evident by the release of the national plan eliminate women and children violence. This is a promising step since its the first time that the government came up with a national framework to deal with domestic violence. There are however some limitations that hinder the implementation of the national plan, making the government efforts unsuccessful. Ms Rashida Manjoo the United Nations rapporteur advocates for the use of human rights while dealing with domestic violence so as to address the issue effectively. He argues that using the human rights approach will be necessary for Australia in meeting its international obligations. The legislative body has a committee which ensures that the domestic issues are well dealt with from the grassroots. It also ensures that the agencies dealing with domestic violence are well integrated so as to cope with the emerging issues appropriately. Evidence based is an approach advocated by this body to ensure the issues are dealt with in a just manner. The government has also come up with a national scheme that ensures the cases of domestic violence are responded to regardless of the victims residence. With the explained information it is clear that the government has played a key role in preventing and reducing domestic violence in Australia. The community is aware of their rights as there are many policies and schemes which ensure domestic violence is eradicated. The national plan is faced by various challenges including poor communication, mainly between the government and the civil society (Laing 2000). The other challenge is that the national plan is unable to implement and consult about its initiatives on time. Submission of reports, quick response to the arising issues and effective risk assessment is barely done on time. In addition, the national plan lacks enough resources to respond to the increasing needs, which affects its effectiveness in protecting victims of violence. Also, the increase in community awareness has led to an increase in reported case since people have become aware of their rights, eventually resulting to more pressure on the national plan (Laing 2000). All these challenges together hinder total effectiveness in the government policies to reduce domestic violence. In conclusion, domestic violence in Australia is a big challenge to the general wellbeing of the victims. The Australian governments efforts to fight domestic violence is commendable though challenges still exist in their implementation. Public awareness has really improved the situation as people are aware of their rights and those of others and can report to the authorities when they are victimized. Formation of alliances, schemes and using the human rights approach have been in the frontline in cubing this evil. References Alexander, R., 2002. Domestic violence in Australia: The legal response. Federation Press. Angus, C. and Wales, N.S., 2015. Domestic and Family Violence. NSW Parliamentary Research Service. Bagshaw, D., Chung, D., Couch, M., Lilburn, S. and Wadham, B., 2000. Reshaping responses to domestic violence: Final report. University of South Australia. Berkowitz, A.D., 2004. Working with men to prevent violence against women: An overview (part one). National Resource Center on Domestic Violence, pp.1-7. Flood, M., 2006, February. The debate over mens versus womens family violence. In AIJA (Australian Institute of Judicial Administration) Family Violence Conference (pp. 23-24). Holder, R., 2001. Domestic and family violence: Criminal justice interventions. Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse, University of New South Wales. Laing, L., 2000. Children, young people and domestic violence. Sydney: Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse, University of New South Wales. Laing, L., 2000. Progress, trends and challenges in Australian responses to domestic violence. Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse, University of New South Wales. Marcus, G. and Braaf, R., 2007. Domestic and family violence studies, surveys and statistics: Pointers to policy and practice. Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse, UNSW Mitchell, L., 2011. Domestic violence in Australia: an overview of the issues. Morrison, A.R. and Orlando, M.B., 1999. Social and economic costs of domestic violence: Chile and Nicaragua. O'Donnell, C. and Craney, J., 1982. Family violence in Australia. Longman Cheshire. Pease, B., 2008. Engaging men in men's violence prevention: Exploring the tensions, dilemmas and possibilities. . Weissman, D.M., 2007. Personal Is Political-and Economic: Rethinking Domestic Violence, The. BYU L. Rev., p.387. Woodroffe, M., 2010. Closed courts for open justice. Woodroffe, M., 2011. Closed Courts open door to justice. Law Society Journal: the official journal of the Law Society of New South Wales, 49(3), p.50.